Go to: Answers to Section 4-1 Quiz Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the MAJOR methods for studying memory?

A. memorizing lists words and recalling them later
B. studying people who have lost their ability to remember because of trauma to the brain
C. investigating the memory of fruit flies that have particular genetic mutations
D. trying to figure out why people often forget what they were doing a week ago

2. Cognitive researchers of memory are MOST interested in studying

A. processes of learning such as classical and operant conditioning.
B. brain structures important for remembering.
C. our motivations to remember and forget information.
D. the mental processes that allow us to remember.

3. Which of the following would be an example of a memory code?

A. I have memorized the list of twenty words by repeating the information over and over.
B. I am able to play the piece on the piano after practiving it for many hours over the past several weeks.
C. I have stored the information for the students in my class in the form of faces coupled with names.
D. I am able to hold seven pieces of information in mind for as long as I want if I keep repeating the information over and over again.

4. Oscar is unable to remember anything about the car accident as well as a short time after the accident, probably because his head hit the dashboard very hard, which left him dazed and confused for a number of minutes both during and after the accident. Oscar's inability to remember the car accident was caused by his inability to _____ information about the car accident.

A. store
B. retrieve
C. encode
D. maintain

5. My very first memory involves an event that occurred around the time I turned four years old. I am unable to remember anything from before this time, which is a type of forgetting known as

A. memory displacement.
B. memory decay.
C. infantile amnesia.
D. anterograde amnesia.

6. The cognitive approach in psychology also is known as the

A. information-processing approach.
B. gestalt approach.
C. structuralist-functionalist approach.
D. behavioral approach.

7. I do not like asparagus because I once saw someone throw up after he ate asparagus. Which of the following types of conditioning (learning) best explains how I acquired my current attitude about asparagus?

A. operant conditioning.
B. vicarious conditioning.
C. classical conditioning.
D. taste-aversion learning.

8. According to psychoanalytically inclined psychologists, repression of memories occurs because we try to avoid

A.  negative emotions.
B.  positive emotions.
C.  negative reinforcements.
D.  positive reinforcements.

9. This morning I was trying to recall the name of a famous psychologist of the past. I knew that his name began with an "F" and was one syllable long. So I started listing possible names: "Fruit, Frolt, Fred, Freed, Frod, Froud." All of a sudden, it hit me, "Freud"! This difficulty shows that I was having problems with the ___ of a memory.

A.  encoding
B.  retrieval
C.  storing
D.  automatic processes

10. Which of the following methods is NOT TYPICALLY used in memory research?

A.  electrical stimulation of the brain
B.  the study of people with amnesia
C.  problems in everyday memory (that is, normal forgetting)
D.  the use of memory tasks

11. When processing verbal information, semantic encoding is

A.  a moderate amount of processing involving what the input sounds like.
B.  a shallow processing involving the physical structure of the input.
C.  a deep processing involving the meaning of the input.
D.  an intermediate processing involving the feel of the input.

12. The recovery of information from the memory system is referred to as

A.  storage.
B.  appraisal.
C.  encoding.
D.  retrieval.

13. The term "infantile amnesia" refers to the forgetting of events

A. caused by the inability to encode information.
B. caused by the inability to store information.
C. that occurred before the age of about four years.
D. that occurred prior to their encoding in sensory memory.

14. The three fundamental mental processes of our memory systems are

A.  sensory store, short-term store, long-term store
B.  structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding
C.  encoding, storing, and retrieving
D.  early selection, middle selection, late selection

15. I write the word "proprium" on the chalkboard. If you encode this word in terms of its definition, you are encoding it ___; if you encode it by saying it rhymes with "throw thee, bum," you are encoding it ___; if you encode it by noting that it was written in lower-case letters, you are encoding it ___.

A.  semantically; phonemically; structurally
B.  structurally; phonemically; semantically
C.  phonemically; structurally; semantically
D.  semantically; structurally; phonemically

16. If one is both a materialist and a determinist, one believes that every event in the universe is

A.  caused by some set of preceding nonphysical events.
B.  caused by some set of preceding physical events.
C.  the result of an association among various phenomena.
D. the result of a disassociation among various phenomena.

17. Radical behaviorism assumed that the only cause of learned behavior was

A.  mental events.
B.  biological events.
C.  psychological events.
D.  environmental events.

18. Copycat crimes are ones in which people commit a crime that they have heard about. For example, a person may hijack an airplane after watching a movie about a hijacking. What type of conditioning (learning) best explains copycat behavior?

A.  observational learning
B.  classical conditioning
C.  operant conditioning
D.  All three are equally good at explaining copycat behavior.

19. The input of information into the memory system is called

A.  storage.
B.  encoding.
C.  retrieval.
D.  appraisal.

20. When processing verbal information, structural encoding is

A.  a moderate amount of processing involving what the input sounds like.
B.  a shallow processing involving the physical structure of the input.
C.  a deep processing involving the meaning of the input.
D.  an intermediate processing involving the feel of the input.

21. Bandura's research on the acquisition of aggressive behavior in children has shown that children are MOST likely to act aggressively when

A.  aggressive behavior is associated with traumatic childhood experiences.
B.  they have observed a model being reinforced for aggressive behavior.
C. aggressive behavior is associated with permissive cultural influences.
D. they have observed a model being punished for aggressive behavior.

22. When someone asks me where a room in the SB building is located, I immediately am able to give them directions to the room. I am able to do this because I have

A. been reinforced for giving directions in the past.
B. been reinforced for walking to that room in the past.
C. developed a mental representation of the layout of the SB Building.
D. developed a generally helpful attitude because of my social roles.

Go to: Answers to Section 4-1 Quiz Questions